Geography of India

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India’s geography is remarkably diverse, characterized by a distinct and strategic physical formation that has shaped its history and climate. It is bounded by the majestic Himalayan mountain range in the north and stretches southward, tapering into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. This vast landmass encompasses a variety of terrains, including the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains, the arid Thar Desert, the ancient Deccan Plateau, and long coastal stretches, supporting a wide range of ecosystems, biodiversity, and human livelihoods.

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Major Physiographic Divisions: India can be divided into several clear regions: the Himalayan Mountains (young, fold mountains forming the northern frontier), the Northern Plains (formed by the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra river systems), the Peninsular Plateau (an ancient, stable block), the Coastal Plains, and the Islands (Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep).
The Monsoon Climate: India’s climate is dominated by the seasonal reversal of winds known as the monsoon. The Southwest Summer Monsoon (June-September) brings over 80% of the country’s annual rainfall, making it critical for agriculture, while the Northeast Winter Monsoon affects parts of peninsular India.
Significance of Rivers and Natural Resources: India’s major river systems (Ganga, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna, etc.) are vital for irrigation, hydropower, and sustaining dense populations. The country is also rich in natural resources, including fertile soil, vast mineral reserves (like coal and iron ore), and a significant potential for solar and wind energy, which are crucial for its economy.